Which method is recommended for improving integration among various subsystems according to Schermerhorn?

The recommended method for improving integration among various subsystems according to Schermerhorn is the establishment of hierarchical referral. This approach enhances communication and coordination across different levels of an organization, allowing for effective information flow and decision-making among subsystems.

Hierarchical referral streamlines processes by creating clear pathways for reporting and resolving issues, ensuring that subsystems operate in a cohesive manner towards shared organizational goals. By fostering clarity in roles and responsibilities, this method can effectively bridge gaps between subsystems, which is crucial for enhancing overall integration.

In contrast, choices like increased formal training programs, elimination of teams, or expansion of management levels may not provide the same level of direct communication and integration. While training can enhance individual capabilities, it does not inherently foster collaboration between subsystems. Eliminating teams could create silos, further reducing integration. Lastly, merely expanding management levels might complicate communication rather than facilitate it. Thus, establishing a structured hierarchy for referral is the most effective method to ensure that different subsystems work together harmoniously.